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Article Information Author: Terence S. McCarthy1 Affiliation: 1School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Email: Terence.Mccarthy@wits.ac.za Postal address: PO Box 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa How to cite this article: McCarthy TS. The impact of acid mine drainage in South Africa. S Afr J Sci. 107(5/6), Art. #712, 7 pages. doi:10.4102/sajs.v107i5/6.712 doi:10.4102/sajs.v107i5/6.712 Copyright Notice: © 2011. The Authors. Licensee: OpenJournals Publishing. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. ISSN: 0038-2353 (print) ISSN: 1996-7489 (online)

The impact of acid mine drainage in South Africa In This Commentary... Open Access • The origin of acid mine drainage • Variables affecting the impact of acid mine drainage • How mines generate acid mine drainage    • Gold mining    • Coal mining • Past experiences of the impact of acid mine drainage on water quality in South Africa    • Gold mining    • Coal mining • Possible future impacts of acid mine drainage • Conclusions • References Acid mine drainage (AMD) has received considerable coverage in the media of late and the number of short courses and workshops devoted to the topic has mushroomed. The current interest was prompted mainly by concern arising from the decanting of contaminated water from the old gold mines in the Krugersdorp area into the Cradle of Humankind. This led to the establishment of an interministerial committee on AMD in late 2010. As part of this initiative, a technical task group was formed to investigate the problem and to recommend possible solutions. The report was finalised in December 2010,1 and focused primarily on the immediate problems arising from gold mining and in particular on the now defunct mines in the Western Basin (Krugersdorp area), the Central Basin (Roodepoort to Boksburg) and the Eastern Basin (Brakpan, Springs and Nigel area). However, the problem of AMD is of far wider extent and to understand it in its entirety it is necessary to take a much broader geographic view. The origin of acid mine drainage (Back to top) Acid mine drainage (also sometimes referred to as acid rock drainage) is a well-understood process2 and arises primarily when the mineral pyrite (‘fool’s gold’ or iron disulphide) comes into contact with oxygenated water. The pyrite undergoes oxidation in a two-stage process, the first producing sulphuric acid and ferrous sulphate and the second orange-red ferric hydroxide and more sulphuric acid. Pyrite is a common minor constituent in many mineral deposits and is associated with our coal (it is the main host of sulphur in coal, the source of acid rain) and the gold deposits of the Witwatersrand Basin. During normal weathering of these mineral deposits, acid is produced but at a very slow rate, so slow that natural neutralisation processes readily remove the acidity. However, during mining and mineral extraction, the rock mass is extensively fragmented, thereby dramatically increasing the surface area and consequently the rate of acid production. Certain host rocks, particularly those containing large amounts of calcite or dolomite, are able to neutralise the acid. But this is not the case for our coal and gold deposits and in these the natural neutralising processes are overwhelmed and large quantities of acidic water are released into the environment by mining activities, initially into the groundwater and ultimately into streams and rivers. The acidic water increases the solubility of aluminium and heavy metals which may be present in the affected region. The overall effect is to render the water toxic to varying degrees. Ultimately, the water becomes neutralised by a combination of dilution and reaction with river sediment or various minerals in soils, but certain constituents have relatively high solubilities and remain in the water, particularly sulphate. Not all of South Africa’s mineral deposits are afflicted by acid production: diamond, iron, manganese, chrome and vanadium mines do not generate acid-producing wastes and the majority of our platinum mines also seem to be free of this problem. Variables affecting the impact of acid mine drainage (Back to top) The overall impact of AMD is very much dependent on local conditions and varies widely, depending on the geomorphology, the climate and the extent and distribution of the AMD-generating deposits. To appreciate the impact of AMD on South Africa, it is therefore necessary to briefly consider these other factors. The river drainage network in South Africa is very asymmetrical (Figure 1). The Vaal and Orange rivers rise almost on the eastern escarpment and flow across the entire country to discharge into the Atlantic Ocean. The other major drainage is the Limpopo-Olifants River system, which drains the northern portion of the country and discharges into the Indian Ocean. Most of the remaining rivers drain the escarpment and coastal areas and have relatively small catchments. The Vaal is by far our most important river because it supplies water to the economic heartland of the country, not only in the Gauteng region but as far afield as the mining districts of Welkom, Sishen and Postmasburg. It is already over-utilised, necessitating interbasin transfers from the Tugela (via the Tugela pumped storage scheme) and the Orange rivers (via the Lesotho Highlands scheme). There are also some imports from below the eastern escarpment. Climate is an important variable in determining the impact of AMD. South Africa has a very pronounced east to west climatic gradient – rainfall decreases from over 1000 mm per annum in the east to less than 100 mm per annum in the west, and potential evapotranspiration increases from about 1500 mm per annum in the east to 3000 mm per annum in the west. Most of the country therefore experiences a negative water balance (i.e. evapotranspiration > rainfall). The higher rainfall region in the eastern and central Highveld is thus the major source of water for the Vaal River system, with very limited additions in the drier west. The distribution of the coal and the major gold fields of the Witwatersrand Basin are shown in Figure 2. A large proportion of the coal deposits and all of the gold deposits lie within the Vaal River catchment. The upper catchments of the Vaal and the Olifants rivers in particular are extensively underlain by coal deposits. This coal-rich region has the highest rainfall in the Vaal catchment FIGURE 1: A map showing the river basins in South Africa. How mines generate acid mine drainage (Back to top) As mentioned earlier, the mining process increases the exposure of pyrite-bearing rock to oxygenated water (derived from rainfall), resulting in acid generation. This occurs in different ways in gold and coal mining. Gold mining Witwatersrand gold occurs in layers of conglomerate rock which form part of the approximately 7000 m thick sequence of sedimentary rocks of the Witwatersrand Supergroup. The layers average about a metre in thickness. The conglomerates are not uniformly gold-bearing and only in certain localised areas is gold present in economically recoverable concentrations. These areas form the goldfields. Within any individual goldfield, only a few of the conglomerate layers have been mined. The process of mining involves extracting the gold-bearing conglomerate layer and transporting it to the surface where it is crushed and the gold is extracted. Some conglomerate is left unmined to provide support for the workers underground and also because gold concentrations may be insufficient to justify extraction. After extraction of the gold, the crushed rock is deposited on waste heaps known as slimes or tailings dumps. The conglomerates typically contain about 3% pyrite, which ends up on the dumps. Rainwater falling on the dumps oxidises the pyrite, forming sulphuric acid which percolates through the dump, dissolving heavy metals (including uranium) in transit, and emerges from the base of the dump to join the local groundwater as a pollution plume. This polluted water ultimately emerges on surface in the streams draining the areas around the dumps.3,4,5,6 Streams draining the tailings dumps are therefore typically acidic and have high sulphate and heavy metal concentrations. Water is continually seeping into the mine workings from surrounding groundwater and this has to be pumped out to prevent flooding. Some of the water is used in the mining operations and the rest is discharged into streams after basic treatment (if necessary). Once mining operations cease, pumping also ceases and the void created by mining slowly fills with water. This water originates as rain and contains dissolved oxygen. In its slow passage through the old workings it becomes acidic and enriched in heavy metals. Once the mine void fills completely, decant of this polluted water commences. Decanting will occur from the lowest-lying opening to the old workings, as is currently taking place from the Western Basin mine void in the Krugersdorp area. Coal mining South African coal occurs in layers within sedimentary rocks of the Karoo Supergroup. These are widespread, but coal is restricted to the areas shown in Figure 2. The coal is extracted either by underground mining or by opencast methods. Unlike gold mining, the coal is removed from the site and there is very little surface dumping. Both the coal and the host rock contain pyrite, but it is generally more abundant in the coal layers. Underground mining results in collapse of the overlying rock strata and when mining terminates, the voids in the fractured rock fill with water and decanting occurs from the lowest opening. The water is acidic as a result of its reaction with pyrite in unmined coal and in the host rocks. Opencast mining involves blasting and removal of the rocks overlying the coal layer, which is removed completely. The fragmented cover rock is then replaced (backfilled) and covered with soil and the terrain is landscaped (‘rehabilitated’). Rainwater penetrating through the soil into the backfill becomes acidified by pyrite in the backfill material and ultimately decants on the surface. Decanting generally commences a decade or more after mining ceases.7 Opencast mining destroys the natural groundwater regime and radically alters the nature of groundwater–surface water interactions. FIGURE 2: A map showing the distribution of coal and Witwatersrand Basin gold deposits. Past experiences of the impact of acid mine drainage on water quality in South Africa (Back to top) Gold mining Gold tailings dumps have been a feature of the landscape around the large gold mining towns since mining began, and as described above, have been discharging polluted water for decades. The effect of this so-called diffuse pollution has been particularly pronounced in the case of the Blesbokspruit in Springs and the Klip River (which drains the southern portion of the Witwatersrand escarpment) because tailings dumps abound in their upper catchments. The gold mines on the Witwatersrand closed over a number of years, and as each mine closed and ceased pumping, water began to accumulate in the void and was then discharged into neighbouring mines because of the high degree of connectivity of the mine workings. The neighbours were thus forced to shoulder the pumping responsibility. The government introduced a pumping subsidy to assist mines with the cost of pumping this additional quantity of water. The water was generally of low quality, necessitating basic treatment. This treatment consisted of adding lime to raise the pH and blowing oxygen or air into the water to oxidise the iron, which precipitated, taking with it most of the other heavy metals. The iron was then allowed to settle and was separated and disposed of on tailings dumps and the water was discharged into local rivers. The discharged water was clear with a neutral pH but had a very high sulphate concentration (about 1500 mg/L).8 These so-called point sources further added to the pollution load already carried by the rivers in the mining districts. The effect of the diffuse and point source pollution arising from gold mines of the Central and Western basins is well illustrated by the salinity of the Vaal River, which more than doubles between the Vaal Dam and the Barrage (Figure 3) as a result of the inflow of water from the Klip River and the Blesbokspruit (via the Suikerbos River). The low quality of water at the Barrage necessitates the periodic release of water from the Vaal Dam to reduce the salinity for the downstream Vaal River users. During wet periods, such as the current situation, this poses no problem, but it could become critical in a drought situation when water in the upper Vaal system, which should be conserved for Gauteng users, has to be released purely for dilution purposes. When the last mine in a goldfield closed, pumping ceased altogether and the void began to fill. The Western Basin finally filled and began to decant in 2002. Pumping ceased in the Central Basin in 2008 and the water level in the void is rising at about 12 m per month currently. Pumping in the Eastern Basin became sporadic towards the end of 2010 and finally ceased early in 2011. The quality of the water that decants from the mine void is extremely poor, as can be seen from the water discharging from the Western Basin. The sulphate concentration is typically around 3500 mg/L and the pH is from 2 to 3. The water has high concentrations of iron and other heavy metals. The iron oxidises on exposure to air and precipitates along the flow path, leaving a bright orange trail on riverbeds and banks. If there is no intervention, the Central Basin is expected to decant in Boksburg (in about 3 years time) and the Eastern Basin in Nigel where the lowest-lying shafts are situated.9 However, these decant points are based on the assumptions that there is free-flow of water through the mine voids and that mine shafts are the only significant openings to the mine void. This assumption may not be valid. In the case of the Western Basin, water initially decanted from a farm borehole and later from a very old mine shaft not known to have been connected to the main void. If the rate of flow through the void is insufficient to accommodate the inflow, multiple decant points could result.10 FIGURE 3: Variations in the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS, mean and range) affecting water quality along the Vaal River system. FIGURE 4: Concentrations of sulphates (SO4) and total dissolved solids (TDS) from September 1978 to July 2007 in the Middelburg Dam. Coal mining Coal mining in the Witbank/Middelburg area commenced in 1894 to supply coal to the growing diamond and gold mining industries and this region therefore provides insight into the longer-term impacts of coal mining. Many mines in the region lie abandoned; some are on fire, some have collapsed and most are decanting acidic water. The water is entering the local river systems (tributaries of the Olifants River) where it is slowly neutralised by dilution and various chemical and biological reactions. However, the water remains highly saline and sulphate concentrations are particularly elevated. An indication of the problem is provided by the rising salinity and sulphate concentration of the water in the Middelburg and Witbank dams (Figures 4 and 5). The problem is exacerbated during dry periods and improves somewhat during wet periods, which is the reason for the high degree of variability in these plots, but the general trend is one of steadily increasing salinity and sulphate concentration. The sulphate concentration in Witbank Dam now regularly exceeds the 200 mg/L level, which is the recommended maximum in water for domestic use. The quality of local water is so poor that ESCOM imports water from the eastern escarpment for use in the power stations in the Witbank-Middelburg area. Ultimately, pyrite in the rocks in these mining areas will be fully oxidised and AMD will cease. There is no indication as to how long this will take, but the problem is likely to persist for centuries rather than decades. FIGURE 5: Concentrations of sulphates (SO4) and total dissolved solids (TDS) from January 1972 to August 2007 in the Witbank Dam. Possible future impacts of acid mine drainage (Back to top) As can be seen in Figures 4 and 5, the situation in the Olifants River catchment continues to deteriorate. Attempts were made to install a treatment plant in the particularly heavily polluted Brugspruit area near Witbank, but this has been of limited efficacy. Its main function was to address the pH problem, and it has had no effect on the salinity of the water. A water treatment plant (the eMalahleni Water Reclamation Plant) based on reverse osmosis has been commissioned in the area and has demonstrated that it is possible to treat badly polluted water to drinking quality standards, but the cost of the water is about three times that of water delivered to the area from the Vaal River. Moreover, whilst this technology can produce drinking water for communities, it cannot be used to improve the general state of polluted rivers in the area (the plant has a capacity of 20 mL per day, or 0.23 m3/s, and cost in the region of R300 million when built in 2007). The water quality of the Olifants River will therefore continue to deteriorate in the foreseeable future. There is still a large amount of unmined coal in the Olifants catchment and many prospecting and mining applications await approval (Figure 6), which will undoubtedly lead to further increases in the pollution loads in the future. Although coal mining has been in progress in the upper Vaal River catchment for some time, most of these mines are deep and are still being actively managed. However, a disturbing development has been the proliferation of applications for new mining permits in the catchment (Figure 6). Should these mines go ahead, it is almost certain that the quality of water in the Vaal River will suffer the same fate as that in the Olifants River, and the water in the Grootdraai Dam will, in time, resemble that in Witbank Dam in terms of quality. Water from the Lesotho Highlands will then be the only source of good quality water in the Vaal River system. The Usutu/Pongola and Komati rivers could suffer a similar fate (Figure 6). The government recently announced that it has set aside funds to deal with the looming problem of decanting of water from the Witwatersrand gold mines. This will involve the reestablishment of pumping and basic treatment operations (such as the addition of lime and removal of iron) in the three goldfields currently affected by the problem. The measures will stop the uncontrolled decanting in the Western Basin and prevent similar decanting from occurring in the Central and Eastern basins. Whilst this intervention will greatly improve the situation in the Western Basin, it will have no impact on water quality in the Vaal River system, but will merely return the situation to what it was when the mines were still pumping, treating and releasing water from the mine void. There are many different technologies that have been developed to desalinate polluted water from the local mining areas. Only one of these has been implemented at a commercial scale, namely the reverse osmosis plant at Witbank. This plant has demonstrated that reverse osmosis technology can address the problem, but at a high cost. The financial implications of other technologies have yet to be demonstrated. It is probable that, whereas most of the proposed technologies are suitable for treating point sources of polluted water (e.g. pumped from old mines), it is unlikely that they will be capable of treating polluted water arising from diffuse sources such as waste dumps. In the case of gold mines, the water in the void is generally accessible and can be treated as a point source. The situation in coal mines is more complex and it may never be possible to prevent uncontrolled decanting of AMD from rehabilitated opencast mines. Water quality in such areas can therefore be expected to continue to deteriorate. FIGURE 6: A map showing the mining and prospecting areas in the upper catchments of the Vaal, Olifants, Komati and Mfolozi-Pongola-Usutu rivers in Mpumalanga. Conclusions (Back to top) South Africa is well endowed with vast mineral resources and the wealth created through mining, particularly gold mining, has funded the development of the country. However, as the gold mining industry enters its twilight years we are now beginning to grasp the environmental damage that this industry has caused and will continue to cause in the decades to come. We have also seen the impact that coal mining has had, particularly on water quality in the Olifants River system. The longer-term impacts of these industries, and especially the coal mining industry, are likely to be far more severe in South Africa than in other countries because of our unique combination of geography, climate, population distribution and the scale of the deposits. We must learn from these experiences, especially in respect of coal mining, and carefully examine the wisdom of allowing further coal mining in the catchments of the Vaal River and rivers draining the eastern escarpment. New mines should probably not be permitted in these areas until such time as an economically viable method has been found, either to prevent pollution or to clean up the pollution that will inevitably be produced. As yet, none have been devised that can operate on the scale required by our gold and coal mining industries. Our forebears deferred the environmental costs associated with mining, and we now have to pay those costs. Are we going to do the same to future generations? If we do, their problems are likely to be far more severe than ours because the effects are cumulative and in the future, once mining is on the wane, the funds to address the problem might not be readily available. This review has focused on AMD related to gold and coal mining which is especially affecting the Vaal and Olfiants River systems. These are not the only areas in the country afflicted by this malady, but because of the particular local conditions, the problems in the Olifants and especially the Vaal River basins are huge by comparison and pose a serious threat to future generations of South Africans. References (Back to top) 1. Expert Team of the Inter-Ministerial Committee. Mine water management in the Witwatersrand Gold Fields with special emphasis on acid mine drainage. Report to the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Acid Mine Drainage. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs; 2010. 2. Blowes DW, Ptacek CJ, Jambor JL, Weisener CG. The geochemistry of acid mine drainage. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK, editors. Treatise on geochemistry. Oxford: Elsevier, 2003; p. 150–204. 3. Jones GA, Brierly SE, Geldenhuis SJJ, Howard JR. Research on the contribution of mine dumps to the pollution load in the Vaal Barrage. WRC Report 136/1/89. Pretoria: Water Research Commission; 1989. 4. Naiker K, Cukrowska E, McCarthy TS. Acid mine drainage arising from gold mining activity in Johannesburg, South Africa, and environs. Environ Pollut. 2003;122:29–40. 5. Winde FLA. Uranium pollution of South African streams – An overview of the situation in gold mining areas of the Witwatersrand. GeoJournal. 2004;61:131–149. 6. Tutu H, McCarthy TS, Cukrowska E. The chemical characteristics of acid mine drainage with particular reference to sources, distribution and remediation: The Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, as a case study. Appl Geochem. 2008;23:3666–3684. 7. Hodgson FDI, Krantz RM. Investigation into groundwater quality deterioration in the Olifants River catchment above the Loskop Dam with specialised investigation in the Witbank Dam sub-catchment. WRC Report 291/1/98. Pretoria: Water Research Commission; 1998. 8. Van der Merwe W, Lea I. Towards sustainable mine water treatment at Grootvlei Mine. Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Mine Water and the Environment; 2003 Oct 19–22; Johannesburg, South Africa. Armstrong D, de Viviers AB, Klieinmann RLP, McCarthy TS, Norton, PJ, editors. International Mine Water Association; 2003. p 25–36. 9. Scott R. Flooding of the Central and East Rand gold mines. WRC Report 486/1/95. Pretoria: Water Research Commission; 1995. 10. McCarthy TS. The decant of acid mine water in the Gauteng city-region – analysis, prognosis and solutions. Provocations Series, Gauteng City-Region Observatory. Johannesburg: Universities of the Witwatersrand and Johannesburg; 2010.

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27. Mineral alteration and genesis of Al–rich soils derived from conglomerate deposits in Cabo Basin, NE Brazil
Edivan Uchôa Cavalcanti da Costa, Jean Cheyson Barros dos Santos, Antonio Carlos de Azevedo, José Coelho de Araújo Filho, Marcelo Metri Corrêa, Laércio Vieira de Melo Wanderley Neves, Pablo Vidal-Torrado, Valdomiro Severino de Souza-Júnior
CATENA  vol: 167  first page: 198  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2018.04.039

28. Applied Ethics and tertiary education in South Africa: Teaching Business Ethics at the University of South Africa
Louise Kretzschmar, Wessel Bentley
Verbum et Ecclesia  vol: 34  issue: 1  year: 2013  
doi: 10.4102/ve.v34i1.804

29. Evolution of pyrite oxidation from a 10-year kinetic leach study: Implications for secondary mineralisation in acid mine drainage control
Rong Fan, Gujie Qian, Yubiao Li, Michael D. Short, Russell C. Schumann, Miao Chen, Roger St C. Smart, Andrea R. Gerson
Chemical Geology  vol: 588  first page: 120653  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120653

30. Evaluation of a combined lignocellulosic / waste water bio‐refinery for the simultaneous production of valuable biochemical products and the remediation of acid mine drainage
Nicholas W. Burman, Kevin G. Harding, Craig M. Sheridan, Lizelle Van Dyk
Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining  vol: 12  issue: 4  first page: 649  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1002/bbb.1880

31. Critical evaluation of the chemical composition of acid mine drainage for the development of statistical correlations linking electrical conductivity with acid mine drainage concentrations
Janet Smith, Craig Sheridan, Lizelle van Dyk, Kevin G. Harding
Environmental Advances  vol: 8  first page: 100241  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100241

32. Review: karst springs in Shanxi, China
Zhixiang Zhang, Yongxin Xu, Yongbo Zhang, Jianhua Cao
Carbonates and Evaporites  vol: 34  issue: 4  first page: 1213  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1007/s13146-018-0440-3

33. Effect of temperature change on the performance of the hybrid linear flow channel reactor and its implications on sulphate-reducing and sulphide-oxidising microbial community dynamics
T. S. Marais, R. J. Huddy, R. P. Van Hille, S. T. L. Harrison
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology  vol: 10  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.908463

34. Dataset on enrichment of selected trace metals in the soil from designated abandoned historical gold mine solid waste dump sites near residential areas, Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa
Lowanika V. Tibane, David Mamba
Data in Brief  vol: 41  first page: 107895  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.107895

35. Research Activities on Acid Mine Drainage Treatment in South Africa (1998–2025): Trends, Challenges, Bibliometric Analysis and Future Directions
Tumelo M. Mogashane, Johannes P. Maree, Lebohang Mokoena, James Tshilongo
Water  vol: 17  issue: 15  first page: 2286  year: 2025  
doi: 10.3390/w17152286

36. State Governance, Participation and Mining Development: Lessons Learned from Dullstroom, Mpumalanga
Llewellyn Leonard
Politikon  vol: 44  issue: 2  first page: 327  year: 2017  
doi: 10.1080/02589346.2016.1245526

37. Effect of the electrocoagulation process on the toxicity of gold mine effluents: A comparative assessment of Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex
Takoua Foudhaili, Rihem Jaidi, Carmen M. Neculita, Eric Rosa, Gaëlle Triffault-Bouchet, Éloïse Veilleux, Lucie Coudert, Olivier Lefebvre
Science of The Total Environment  vol: 708  first page: 134739  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134739

38. Tourism Governance and Attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa
Pius Siakwah, Regis Musavengane, Llewellyn Leonard
Tourism Planning & Development  vol: 17  issue: 4  first page: 355  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2019.1600160

39. Determination of Potentially Harmful Element (PHE) Distribution in Water Bodies in Krugersdorp, a Mining City in the West Rand, Gauteng Province, South Africa
Michael Shapi, Maryam Amra Jordaan, Andile Truelove Mbambo, Theophilus Clavell Davies, Emmanuel Chirenje, Mpumelelo Dube
Minerals  vol: 11  issue: 10  first page: 1133  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/min11101133

40. Spatial–temporal variations and multi-statistical analysis of contaminants in the waters affected by acid-mining drainage in Karst area: a case of coal-mining area in Zhijin County
Shichan Qin, Xuexian Li, Pan Wu, Qingguang Li
Environmental Earth Sciences  vol: 81  issue: 10  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1007/s12665-022-10368-y

41. Current Status and Key Challenges of Water Quality in the Olifants and Orange-Vaal River Systems, South Africa
Landry S. Omalanga, Ednah K. Onyari
Asian Journal of Chemistry  vol: 38  issue: 1  first page: 21  year: 2025  
doi: 10.14233/ajchem.2026.34777

42. Differences in Water Policy Efficacy across South African Water Management Areas
Coulibaly Thierry Yerema, Mihoko Wakamatsu, Moinul Islam, Hiroki Fukai, Shunsuke Managi, Bingqi Zhang
Ecological Economics  vol: 175  first page: 106707  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106707

43. Simultaneous Adsorption of Copper, Zinc, and Sulfate in a Mixture of Activated Carbon and Barite
Mario Santander, Hugo Aravena, Danny Guzmán, Luis Valderrama, Evelyn Cárdenas
Minerals  vol: 15  issue: 11  first page: 1214  year: 2025  
doi: 10.3390/min15111214

44. Sulfur and Oxygen Isotope Constraints on Sulfate Sources and Neutral Rock Drainage-Related Processes at a South African Colliery
Ágnes ÓDRI, Juarez AMARAL-FILHO, Mariette SMART, Jennifer BROADHURST, Susan T.L. Harrison, Jochen PETERSEN, Chris HARRIS, Mansour EDRAKI, Megan BECKER
SSRN Electronic Journal  year: 2022  
doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4058415

45. The Whitehill Formation as a natural geochemical analogue to the Witwatersrand Basin’s mine water issues, South Africa
Dikeledi Tryphina Mashishi, Christian Wolkersdorfer, Henk Coetzee
Environmental Science and Pollution Research  vol: 29  issue: 18  first page: 27195  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17699-6

46. Acid Mine Drainage from Gold Mining in South Africa: Remediation, Reuse, and Resource Recovery
Jeffrey Baloyi, Nishani Ramdhani, Ryneth Mbhele, Geoffrey S. Simate
Mine Water and the Environment  vol: 43  issue: 3  first page: 418  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1007/s10230-024-00994-2

47. Using a Risk-based Approach for Derivation of Water Quality Guidelines for Sulphate
E. C. Vellemu, P. K. Mensah, N. J. Griffin, O. N. Odume, C. G. Palmer, R. Dowse
Mine Water and the Environment  vol: 37  issue: 1  first page: 166  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1007/s10230-017-0480-2

48. The chronostratigraphy of the Anthropocene in southern Africa: Current status and potential
N.L. Rose, S.D. Turner, L.E. Unger, C.J. Curtis
South African Journal of Geology  vol: 124  issue: 4  first page: 1093  year: 2021  
doi: 10.25131/sajg.124.0053

49. Reaction dynamics of bentonite clay, FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3 and Na2CO3 dosage in AMD using varying dispersion techniques
I.O. Ntwampe, K. Moothi
Journal of Environmental Management  vol: 231  first page: 552  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.019

50. Utility of ASTER and Landsat for quantifying hydrochemical concentrations in abandoned gold mining
Solomon G. Tesfamichael, Aros Ndlovu
Science of The Total Environment  vol: 618  first page: 1560  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.335

51. ’n Vergelyking van die Mollusca-diversiteit in die Mooirivier (Noordwes-Provinsie) soos gevind met opnames wat gemaak is in 1963 en weer 50 jaar later
Cornelius T. Wolmarans, Victor Wepener, Uané Pretorius, Johannes H. Erasmus, Kenné N. De Kock
Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie  vol: 34  issue: 1  year: 2015  
doi: 10.4102/satnt.v34i1.1294

52. Le Lesotho Highland Water Project, ou le retour de la grande hydraulique en Afrique australe
David Blanchon
Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français  vol: 92  issue: 2  first page: 167  year: 2015  
doi: 10.4000/bagf.594

53. Accessing Metals from Low-Grade Ores and the Environmental Impact Considerations: A Review of the Perspectives of Conventional versus Bioleaching Strategies
Rosina Nkuna, Grace N. Ijoma, Tonderayi S. Matambo, Ngonidzashe Chimwani
Minerals  vol: 12  issue: 5  first page: 506  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3390/min12050506

54. Magnetite and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles used as seeds for acid mine drainage treatment
Kebede K. Kefeni, Bhekie B. Mamba, Titus A.M. Msagati
Journal of Hazardous Materials  vol: 333  first page: 308  year: 2017  
doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.054

55. Assessment of Emerging Organic Contaminants as Tracers of Surface Water and Groundwater Ingress into Mine Voids in Gauteng, South Africa
Lufuno Ligavha-Mbelengwa, Modreck Gomo, Godfrey Madzivire, Henk Coetzee
Mine Water and the Environment  vol: 44  issue: 3  first page: 641  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1007/s10230-025-01068-7

56. Arsenic and five metal concentrations in the muscle tissue of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans
C.-Y. Chen, Y.-T. Chen, K.-S. Chen, C.-C. Hsu, L.-L. Liu, H.-S. Chen, M.-H. Chen
Marine Pollution Bulletin  vol: 129  issue: 1  first page: 186  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.028

57. Are metals in the muscle tissue of Mozambique tilapia a threat to human health? A case study of two impoundments in the Olifants River, Limpopo province, South Africa
Abraham Addo-Bediako, Sean M. Marr, Antoinette Jooste, Wilmien J. Luus-Powell
Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology  vol: 50  issue: 3  first page: 201  year: 2014  
doi: 10.1051/limn/2014091

58. Metal bioaccumulation in the fish of the Olifants River, Limpopo province, South Africa, and the associated human health risk: a case study of rednose labeoLabeo rosaefrom two impoundments
A Jooste, SM Marr, A Addo-Bediako, WJ Luus-Powell
African Journal of Aquatic Science  vol: 39  issue: 3  first page: 271  year: 2014  
doi: 10.2989/16085914.2014.945989

59. Assessment of Spatial Variation of Groundwater Quality in a Mining Basin
Augustina Alexander, Julius Ndambuki, Ramadhan Salim, Alex Manda
Sustainability  vol: 9  issue: 5  first page: 823  year: 2017  
doi: 10.3390/su9050823

60. A diversity and functional approach to evaluate the macroinvertebrate responses to multiple stressors in a small subtropical austral river
J.H. Erasmus, A.W. Lorenz, S. Zimmermann, V. Wepener, B. Sures, N.J. Smit, W. Malherbe
Ecological Indicators  vol: 131  first page: 108206  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108206

61. Have grass carp driven declines in macrophyte occurrence and diversity in the Vaal River, South Africa?
PSR Weyl, GD Martin
African Journal of Aquatic Science  vol: 41  issue: 2  first page: 241  year: 2016  
doi: 10.2989/16085914.2015.1137856

62. Interaction effect of Bacillus subtilis co-inoculation and mine water irrigation on cowpea's growth, physiology and nutritional quality
Thalukanyo Nevhulaudzi, Sheku Alfred Kanu, Khayalethu Ntushelo
Scientific African  vol: 9  first page: e00541  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00541

63. Predicting water quality associated with land cover change in the Grootdraai Dam catchment, South Africa
Anja du Plessis, Tertius Harmse, Fethi Ahmed
Water International  vol: 40  issue: 4  first page: 647  year: 2015  
doi: 10.1080/02508060.2015.1067752

64. Evaluation of Unified Algorithms for Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll-a and Turbidity in Lake Shinji and Lake Nakaumi of Japan and the Vaal Dam Reservoir of South Africa under Eutrophic and Ultra-Turbid Conditions
Yuji Sakuno, Hiroshi Yajima, Yumi Yoshioka, Shogo Sugahara, Mohamed A. M. Abd Elbasit, Elhadi Adam, Johannes George Chirima
Water  vol: 10  issue: 5  first page: 618  year: 2018  
doi: 10.3390/w10050618

65. How to create Shared Value in mining organisations
Talifhani Khubana, Chantal Rootman, Elroy E. Smith
South African Journal of Business Management  vol: 53  issue: 1  year: 2022  
doi: 10.4102/sajbm.v53i1.2907

66. Using Calcium Carbonate/Hydroxide and Barium Carbonate to Remove Sulphate from Mine Water
Vhahangwele Akinwekomi, Johannes P. Maree, Christian Wolkersdorfer
Mine Water and the Environment  vol: 36  issue: 2  first page: 264  year: 2017  
doi: 10.1007/s10230-017-0451-7

67. Metagenomic assessment of nitrate-contaminated mine wastewaters and optimization of complete denitrification by indigenous enriched bacteria
Karabelo M. Moloantoa, Zenzile P. Khetsha, Gueguim E. B. Kana, Maleke M. Maleke, Esta Van Heerden, Julio C. Castillo, Errol D. Cason
Frontiers in Environmental Science  vol: 11  year: 2023  
doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1148872

68. The Roles of Experts and Expert‐Based Information in the Advocacy Coalition Framework: Conceptual and Empirical Considerations Based on the Acid Mine Drainage Case Study in Gauteng, South Africa
Nikki Funke, Dave Huitema, Arthur Petersen, Shanna Nienaber
Policy Studies Journal  vol: 49  issue: 3  first page: 785  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1111/psj.12409

69. The Development of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus as a Framework for Achieving Resource Security: A Review
Gareth B. Simpson, Graham P. W. Jewitt
Frontiers in Environmental Science  vol: 7  year: 2019  
doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2019.00008

70. Competition for Land: The Water-Energy-Food Nexus and Coal Mining in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Gareth B. Simpson, Jessica Badenhorst, Graham P. W. Jewitt, Marit Berchner, Ellen Davies
Frontiers in Environmental Science  vol: 7  year: 2019  
doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2019.00086

71. Iron nanoparticles prepared from South African acid mine drainage for the treatment of methylene blue in wastewater
Leo Folifac, Alechine E. Ameh, Jennifer Broadhurst, Leslie F. Petrik, Tunde V. Ojumu
Environmental Science and Pollution Research  vol: 31  issue: 26  first page: 38310  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-33739-3

72. Hiding in the hills: evidence for two novel mountain-dwelling freshwater crabs of Potamonautes (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamonautidae) from South Africa
Kayleigh Mengel, Savel R Daniels
Journal of Crustacean Biology  vol: 44  issue: 2  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1093/jcbiol/ruae026

73. Synthesis and characterization of fly ash activated zeolites (FAZ) for the removal of sulphate ions from acid mine drainage (AMD)
B V Thacker, G P Vadodaria, G V Priyadarshi, M H Trivedi
Sādhanā  vol: 49  issue: 4  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1007/s12046-024-02611-y

74. Arsenic contamination and rare earth element composition of acid mine drainage impacted soils from South Africa
Glenna Thomas, Craig Sheridan, Peter E. Holm
Minerals Engineering  vol: 203  first page: 108288  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108288

75. Public lies, private looting and the forced closure of Grootvlei Gold Mine, South Africa
Tracey J.M. McKay, Milton Milaras
The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa  vol: 13  issue: 1  year: 2017  
doi: 10.4102/td.v13i1.347

76. Synergism Red Mud-Acid Mine Drainage as a Sustainable Solution for Neutralizing and Immobilizing Hazardous Elements
Hugo Lucas, Srecko Stopic, Buhle Xakalashe, Sehliselo Ndlovu, Bernd Friedrich
Metals  vol: 11  issue: 4  first page: 620  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/met11040620

77. Lignocellulosic bioethanol production from grasses pre-treated with acid mine drainage: Modeling and comparison of SHF and SSF
Nicholas W. Burman, Craig M. Sheridan, Kevin G. Harding
Bioresource Technology Reports  vol: 7  first page: 100299  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100299

78. Evaluating the Effect of pH, Temperature, and Hydraulic Retention Time on Biological Sulphate Reduction Using Response Surface Methodology
Mukhethwa Judy Mukwevho, Dheepak Maharajh, Evans M. Nkhalambayausi Chirwa
Water  vol: 12  issue: 10  first page: 2662  year: 2020  
doi: 10.3390/w12102662

79. Using the Mavic 2 Pro drone for basic water quality assessment
Emmanuel Captain Vellemu, Vincent Katonda, Harold Yapuwa, Gomezyani Msuku, Saulosi Nkhoma, Chandiwira Makwakwa, Kingston Safuya, Alfred Maluwa
Scientific African  vol: 14  first page: e00979  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00979

80. Physicochemical properties, heavy metals, and metal-tolerant bacteria profiles of abandoned gold mine tailings in Krugersdorp, South Africa
Muibat Omotola Fashola, Veronica Mpode Ngole-Jeme, Olubukola Oluranti Babalola, M. Anne Naeth
Canadian Journal of Soil Science  vol: 100  issue: 3  first page: 217  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1139/cjss-2018-0161

81. Seasonal Pollution Levels and Heavy Metal Contamination in the Jukskei River, South Africa
Nehemiah Mukwevho, Mothepane H. Mabowa, Napo Ntsasa, Andile Mkhohlakali, Luke Chimuka, James Tshilongo, Mokgehle R. Letsoalo
Applied Sciences  vol: 15  issue: 6  first page: 3117  year: 2025  
doi: 10.3390/app15063117

82. Evaluating the effects of pH and temperature on sulphate-reducing bacteria and modelling of their effects in stirred bioreactors
Karabelo Moloantoa, Zenzile Khetsha, Mokgaotsa Mochane, John Unuofin, Abdon Atangana, Errol Cason, Esta van Heerden, Julio Castillo
Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability  vol: 35  issue: 1  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1080/26395940.2023.2257388

83. Valorization of acid mine drainage into potable water and valuable minerals through membrane distillation crystallization
Lebea N. Nthunya, Justine Pinier, Aamer Ali, Cejna Quist-Jensen, Heidi Richards
Separation and Purification Technology  vol: 334  first page: 126084  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.126084

84. The Formation of Silicate-Stabilized Passivating Layers on Pyrite for Reduced Acid Rock Drainage
Rong Fan, Michael D. Short, Sheng-Jia Zeng, Gujie Qian, Jun Li, Russell C. Schumann, Nobuyuki Kawashima, Roger St. C. Smart, Andrea R. Gerson
Environmental Science & Technology  vol: 51  issue: 19  first page: 11317  year: 2017  
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03232

85. Non-discrimination and liability for transboundary acid mine drainage pollution of South Africa’s rivers: could the UN Watercourses Convention open Pandora’s mine?
Rémy Kinna
Water International  vol: 41  issue: 3  first page: 371  year: 2016  
doi: 10.1080/02508060.2016.1153302

86. Synthesis of Stabilized Iron Nanoparticles from Acid Mine Drainage and Rooibos Tea for Application as a Fenton-like Catalyst
Elyse Kimpiab, Kashala Fabrice Kapiamba, Leo Folifac, Oluwaseun Oyekola, Leslie Petrik
ACS Omega  vol: 7  issue: 28  first page: 24423  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01846

87. Hydrology and water quality of a underground dam in a semiarid watershed
R B Cantalice Jos eacute, C Piscoya Victor, P Singh Vijay, J A B da Silva Yuri, de F C Barros Maria, M S Guerra Sergio, C Filho Moacyr
African Journal of Agricultural Research  vol: 11  issue: 28  first page: 2508  year: 2016  
doi: 10.5897/AJAR2016.11163

88. Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Functionalized Silica–Carbon Hybrid Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Acidic Cu(II)‐Contaminated Water
Anita Etale, Nikita Tavengwa, Hlanganani Tutu, Deanne C. Drake
CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water  vol: 45  issue: 2  year: 2017  
doi: 10.1002/clen.201500873

89. The 2012 acid mine drainage (AMD) crisis in Carolina's municipal water supply
J.W.N. Tempelhoff, M. Ginster, S Motloung, C.M. Gouws, J.S. Strauss
African Historical Review  vol: 46  issue: 2  first page: 77  year: 2014  
doi: 10.1080/17532523.2014.943978

90. Comparison of multi-source satellite data for quantifying water quality parameters in a mining environment
Monaledi Modiegi, Isaac T. Rampedi, Solomon G. Tesfamichael
Journal of Hydrology  vol: 591  first page: 125322  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125322

91. The Biological Denitrification Using Ferric Hydroxide Desulfurized Waste as an Electron Donor
Anup Gurung, Seunggyu Kim, Jae Myung Lee, Shin Dong Kim, Suleman Shahzad, Min Jang, Sang Eun Oh
Waste and Biomass Valorization  vol: 16  issue: 1  first page: 191  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1007/s12649-024-02582-5

92. The effect of burial in containers filled with naturally occurring soil and mine tailings on decomposition: a porcine pilot study
Artem Vitalievich Maikov, Jolandie Myburgh, Craig Adam Keyes
International Journal of Legal Medicine  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1007/s00414-025-03715-8

93. Quantitative Speciation of Arsenic in Water and Sediment Samples from the Mokolo River in Limpopo Province, South Africa
Mokgehle R. Letsoalo, Taddese W. Godeto, Takalani Magadzu, Abayneh A. Ambushe
Analytical Letters  vol: 51  issue: 17  first page: 2763  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1450879

94. The great shale debate in the Karoo
Maarten J. De Wit
South African Journal of Science  vol: 107  issue: 7/8  year: 2011  
doi: 10.4102/sajs.v107i7/8.791

95. Gold mining’s toxic legacy: Pollutant transport and accumulation in the Klip River catchment, Johannesburg
Shaeen Chetty, Letitia Pillay, Marc S. Humphries
South African Journal of Science  vol: 117  issue: 7/8  year: 2021  
doi: 10.17159/sajs.2021/8668

96. Shattered crust: how brittle deformation enables Critical Zone processes beneath southern Africa
T. Dhansay
South African Journal of Geology  vol: 124  issue: 2  first page: 519  year: 2021  
doi: 10.25131/sajg.124.0044

97. Formation and characterization of acid mine drainage in the Madzharovo ore field, Southeastern Bulgaria
Svetlana Bratkova
Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology  vol: 35  issue: 1  first page: 41  year: 2021  
doi: 10.52321/igh.35.1.41

98. Recycled Smelter Slags for In Situ and Ex Situ Water and Wastewater Treatment—Current Knowledge and Opportunities
Saidur Rahman Chowdhury
Processes  vol: 11  issue: 3  first page: 783  year: 2023  
doi: 10.3390/pr11030783

99. Acid mine drainage and metal(loid) risk potential of South African coal processing wastes
Annah Moyo, Juarez R. Do Amaral Filho, Susan T.L. Harrison, Jennifer L. Broadhurst
Minerals Engineering  vol: 215  first page: 108825  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108825

100. Understanding the Opportunities, Barriers, and Enablers for the Commercialization and Transfer of Technologies for Mine Waste Valorization: A Case Study of Coal Processing Wastes in South Africa
Helene-Marie Stander, Jennifer L. Broadhurst
Resources  vol: 10  issue: 4  first page: 35  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/resources10040035

101. An analysis of perspectives on groundwater governance arrangements relating to the potential development of unconventional oil and gas in South Africa
Jack R. Hemingway, Alexandra Gormally-Sutton
Hydrogeology Journal  vol: 32  issue: 3  first page: 705  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1007/s10040-023-02742-2

102. Using South African sulfide-enriched coal processing waste for amelioration of calcareous soil: A pre-feasibility study
Helene-Marie Stander, Susan T.L. Harrison, Jennifer L. Broadhurst
Minerals Engineering  vol: 180  first page: 107457  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107457

103. Assessing Uranium Pollution Levels in the Rietspruit River, Far West Rand Goldfield, South Africa
Iyioluwa Busuyi Raji, Emile Hoffmann, Adeline Ngie, Frank Winde
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health  vol: 18  issue: 16  first page: 8466  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168466

104. Longitudinal and contemporaneous manganese exposure in apartheid-era South Africa: Implications for the past and future
Catherine A. Hess, Martin J. Smith, Clive Trueman, Holger Schutkowski
International Journal of Paleopathology  vol: 8  first page: 1  year: 2015  
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105. Bioaccumulation of selected metals in the gill, liver and muscle tissue of rednose labeo Labeo rosae from two impoundments on the Olifants River, Limpopo river system, South Africa
SM Marr, J Lebepe, JCA Steyl, WJ Smit, WJ Luus-Powell
African Journal of Aquatic Science  vol: 42  issue: 2  first page: 123  year: 2017  
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106. Ecological and human health risks associated with abandoned gold mine tailings contaminated soil
Veronica Mpode Ngole-Jeme, Peter Fantke, Jorge Paz-Ferreiro
PLOS ONE  vol: 12  issue: 2  first page: e0172517  year: 2017  
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107. The heron that laid the golden egg: metals and metalloids in ibis, darter, cormorant, heron, and egret eggs from the Vaal River catchment, South Africa
V. van der Schyff, R. Pieters, H. Bouwman
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment  vol: 188  issue: 6  year: 2016  
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108. A Fixed Bed Pervious Concrete Anaerobic Bioreactor for Biological Sulphate Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Simple Organic Matter
Sandisiwe Khanyisa Thisani, Daramy Vandi Von Kallon, Patrick Byrne
Sustainability  vol: 13  issue: 12  first page: 6529  year: 2021  
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109. Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Nanoparticles from Acid Mine Drainage Using Sodium Borohydride as Reductant
Alegbe John, Moronkola Adekemi, Fatoba Ojo, Petrik Felicia
International Journal of Materials Science and Applications  vol: 14  issue: 5  first page: 212  year: 2025  
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110. Application of neural network techniques to predict the heavy metals in acid mine drainage from South African mines
John Kabuba, Andani Valentia Maliehe
Water Science and Technology  vol: 84  issue: 12  first page: 3489  year: 2021  
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111. Sulfur and oxygen isotope constraints on sulfate sources and neutral rock drainage-related processes at a South African colliery
Ágnes Ódri, Juarez Amaral Filho, Mariette Smart, Jennifer Broadhurst, Susan T.L. Harrison, Jochen Petersen, Chris Harris, Mansour Edraki, Megan Becker
Science of The Total Environment  vol: 846  first page: 157178  year: 2022  
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112. Metal contamination and human health risk associated with the consumption ofLabeo rosaefrom the Olifants River system, South Africa
J Lebepe, SM Marr, WJ Luus-Powell
African Journal of Aquatic Science  vol: 41  issue: 2  first page: 161  year: 2016  
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113. Mineralogy and geochemistry of efflorescent minerals on mine tailings and their potential impact on water chemistry
B. P. C. Grover, R. H. Johnson, D. G. Billing, I.M. G. Weiersbye, H. Tutu
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114. Recent Progress on Acid Mine Drainage Technological Trends in South Africa: Prevention, Treatment, and Resource Recovery
Jeffrey Baloyi, Nishani Ramdhani, Ryneth Mbhele, Denga Ramutshatsha-Makhwedzha
Water  vol: 15  issue: 19  first page: 3453  year: 2023  
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115. Effects of reactor geometry and electron donor on performance of the hybrid linear flow channel reactor
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116. Environmental Risk Assessment, Principal Component Analysis, Tracking the Source of Toxic Heavy Metals of Solid Gold Mine Waste Tailings, South Africa
L. V. Tibane, D. Mamba
Environmental Forensics  vol: 25  issue: 4  first page: 254  year: 2024  
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117. Investigation of Soil Potentially Toxic Element/Metal Pollution in an Abandoned Mining Area of Daye, China: Implications for the Migration and Potential Risk
Zhi Chen, Mengying Ye, Yi Lian
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution  vol: 237  issue: 4  year: 2026  
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118. Linking key environmental stressors with the delivery of provisioning ecosystem services in the freshwaters of southern Africa
Michelle C. Jackson, Darragh J. Woodford, Olaf L. F. Weyl
Geo: Geography and Environment  vol: 3  issue: 2  year: 2016  
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119. Research and application of roadway backfill coal mining technology in western coal mining area
Jixiong Zhang, Qiang Sun, Nan Zhou, Jiang Haiqiang, Deon Germain, Sami Abro
Arabian Journal of Geosciences  vol: 9  issue: 10  year: 2016  
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120. Open cast mining: threat to water quality in rural community of Enyigba in south-eastern Nigeria
C. C. Okolo, T. D. T. Oyedotun, F. O. R. Akamigbo
Applied Water Science  vol: 8  issue: 7  year: 2018  
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121. Valorization of South African Coal Wastes through Dense Medium Separation
Juarez R. do Amaral Filho, Msimelelo Gcayiya, Athanasios Kotsiopoulos, Jennifer L. Broadhurst, David Power, Susan T. L. Harrison
Minerals  vol: 12  issue: 12  first page: 1519  year: 2022  
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122. Investigation of Suitable, Readily Available, Sources of Sulfate‐Reducing Bacteria Inoculum, and Evaluation of Sulfate Reduction Rates Achieved at Different pHs
Janet Smith, Craig Sheridan, Lizelle van Dyk, Kevin G. Harding
Environmental Microbiology Reports  vol: 17  issue: 2  year: 2025  
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123. What is law without people? A review of mining legislation and communities
C. M. A. Ntui
Environment, Development and Sustainability  vol: 19  issue: 4  first page: 1539  year: 2017  
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